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Original article Combined effect of anemia and chronic rhinitis on hearing loss in Korean adults: a nationwide observational study
Yeong Jun Ju1orcid , Woorim Kim2orcid , Jina Han1orcid , Soon Young Lee1orcid
Epidemiol Health 2024;e2024063
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024063 [Accepted]
Published online: July 15, 2024
1Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Suwon, Korea
2Division of Cancer Control & Policy, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Goyang-si, Korea
3National Hospice Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Goyang-si, Korea
Corresponding author:  Soon Young Lee,
Email: solee@ajou.ac.kr
Received: 15 December 2023   • Revised: 5 June 2024   • Accepted: 5 July 2024
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Studies have suggested an association between hearing loss and anemia. Hearing loss has also been linked to rhinitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes and sinus mucosa. Few studies have concurrently explored the relationships between hearing loss, anemia, and rhinitis. This study was conducted to investigate the association between hearing loss and anemia and to further analyze the potential role of rhinitis in this relationship.
METHODS
Data were collected from the 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hearing loss was measured with an audiometer in a soundproof booth and was defined as at least moderate impairment (as indicated by a pure-tone average of ≥41 dB in the better-hearing ear). The association between hearing loss and anemia was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. The combined effect of anemia and rhinitis on hearing loss was assessed with an interaction term.
RESULTS
Among the 2,772 participants, 477 (17.2%) exhibited hearing loss. Participants with anemia were more likely to experience hearing loss than those without anemia (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.33). Furthermore, the odds of hearing loss were greater in participants with both anemia and rhinitis (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.93 to 7.43) relative to those without either condition.
CONCLUSIONS
Anemia was associated with hearing loss in individuals aged 40 years and older. Based on the analysis of combined effects, participants with anemia and chronic rhinitis were more likely to experience hearing loss than individuals without these conditions.

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